Employment Multipliers for the U.S. Economy

1. When it comes to the ripple effects that spread to the rest of the labor market, one lost dollar of economic output or one lost job is not the same as another.

2. Each industry has backward linkages to economic sectors that provide the materials needed for the industry’s output, and each industry has forward linkages to the economic sectors where the industry’s workers spend their income. 

3. Therefore, in addition to the jobs directly supported by an industry, a large number of indirect jobs may also be supported by that industry. The subtraction (or addition) of jobs and output in industries with strong backward and forward linkages to other economic sectors can cause large ripple effects.

4. This brief calculates employment multipliers by industry to illustrate the importance of these linkages, updating earlier work by Bivens (2003) and Baker and Lee (1993). Employment multipliers measure how the creation or destruction of output or employment in a particular industry translates into wider employment changes throughout the economy.

EVT (Engineering Validation Test), DVT (Design Validation Test), PVT (production validation testing) & NPI (New Product Introduction)

1. Explain the differences between EVT, DVT and PVT, or the engineering validation process.

2. Manufacturing overseas adds additional complexities and risks as geographic, communication, and cultural barriers can sabotage the product launch process.

3. This is where a New Product Introduction (NPI) team can make a substantial impact on commercializing a new product.  

Product Spotlight - Data Center Tiers Explained

1. Data center tiers are established rankings for the performance of servers which house data and information.

2. Data centers are ranked from I to IV, with I being the worst-performing of the four and IV being the best-performing.

3. The Uptime Institute’s Tier Certification is the independent measure through which ratings are judged. It determines the criteria for each tier and lists several values that collectively make up what constitutes the standards of data center tiers. 

Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI) & Supply Chain Pessure in September 2022

1. The Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI) is a new measurement of supply chain conditions, created by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The index combines variables from several indices in transportation and manufacturing, such as those related to delivery times, prices, and inventory.

2. The index is meant to help policymakers, businesses, and consumers understand the state of global supply chains.