Comparing IBNR Methods

There are five basic types of approaches to calculate claim reserves. These types are:
(i) Tabular methods

(ii) Case reserve methods

(iii) Projection methods

(iv) Loss ratio methods

(v) Development methods 

Risk Margin Types, Applications, Pricing and Application in Accounting

1. The term risk margin is commonly used in the observation that stating the loss reserve at nominal (rather than discounted) values provides an implicit risk margin. It is clear that the amount of the risk margin in this circumstance is the difference between undiscounted and discounted reserves.

Plastic Packaging Economics and Supply Chain

1. In 2013, the industry put 78 million tonnes of plastic packaging on the market, with a total value of $260 billion.Plastic packaging volumes are expected to continue their strong growth, doubling within 15 years and more than quadrupling by 2050, to 318 million tonnes annually – more than the entire plastics industry today.  2. As packaging materials, plastics are especially inexpensive, lightweight and high performing. Plastic packaging can also benefit the environment: its low weight reduces fuel consumption in transportation, and its barrier properties keep food fresh longer, reducing food waste.  The main plastic resin types and their packaging applications are as follows:

Solar PV Inverters Efficiency Analysis and Industry Forecasts

1. The job of an inverter is to invert – it takes DC (Direct Current) and converts it into AC (Alternating Current) so that it can  run on electrical equipment designed to run on AC.